OverviewIslam’s final prophet. He taught people to worship one God and care for others.CategoryProphet & MessengerPeriodc. 570 – 632 CE
Early lifeMuhammad was born in Makkah around 570 CE. His exact birth date is disputed. His parents were Abdullah and Amina; his grandfather Abd al-Muttalib and then his uncle Abu Talib cared for him after he lost his parents.Source: TDV Encyclopaedia of Islam — Muhammad
The first revelationAisha’s report in Sahih al-Bukhari 3 describes the angel’s command to recite in the cave of Hira. Muhammad returned frightened. Khadija reassured him, recalling his kindness to relatives and people in need, and took him to Waraqa ibn Nawfal.Source: Sahih al-Bukhari 3
The HijrahIn 622 CE, Muhammad and Abu Bakr migrated from Makkah to Madinah. Sahih al-Bukhari 3906 describes the mosque at Quba before the mosque in Madinah. The Prophet’s Mosque became a place for prayer and community life.Source: TDV Encyclopaedia of Islam — Muhammad · Sahih al-Bukhari 3906
FamilyThe usual list names 11 wives across his life: Khadija, Sawda, Aisha, Hafsa, Zaynab bint Khuzayma, Umm Salama, Zaynab bint Jahsh, Juwayriyya, Umm Habiba, Safiyya and Maymuna. Khadija was his only wife while she lived.He is usually said to have had 7 children: sons Qasim, Abdullah and Ibrahim; daughters Zaynab, Ruqayya, Umm Kulthum and Fatimah. Khadija was the mother of six; Ibrahim’s mother was Maria.His uncles included Abu Talib, who protected him in Makkah, and Hamza and Abbas, who became Muslims. Ali was Abu Talib’s son: Muhammad’s cousin.Source: TDV Encyclopaedia of Islam — Muhammad · TDV Encyclopaedia of Islam — Wives of Muhammad
Daily lifeAisha recalled that Muhammad helped with the work at home. When it was time to pray, he went out to prayer. This report connects his example with ordinary family responsibilities.Source: Sahih al-Bukhari 676
Farewell pilgrimageMuhammad led the Farewell Pilgrimage in 632 CE. Jabir’s account in Sahih Muslim 1218a records a sermon protecting people’s lives and property, ending earlier blood feuds and interest claims, and reminding listeners of their responsibilities toward women.Source: Sahih Muslim 1218a
DeathMuhammad died in Madinah in 632 CE. Sahih Muslim 2348 reports his age at death as 63. This reported age should not be calculated by subtracting an approximate birth year from a CE death year.Source: TDV Encyclopaedia of Islam — Muhammad · Sahih Muslim 2348
SourcesOriginal summaries of the cited sources. Qur’anic accounts, later traditions and historical estimates are distinguished; brief profiles do not settle scholarly disagreements.TDV Encyclopaedia of Islam — MuhammadQur’an 33:40Sahih Muslim 2348Sahih al-Bukhari 676TDV Encyclopaedia of Islam — Wives of MuhammadSahih al-Bukhari 3Sahih al-Bukhari 3906Sahih Muslim 1218a
